Jaundice in Newborns

Jaundice in Newborns

April 14, 2025 by Dr. Gaurav Singh

Jaundice in newborns is a common concern for new parents and can be a source of worry. This condition, characterized by a yellowing of the skin and eyes, is often seen in newborns and, while usually harmless, requires attention to ensure proper management. This article will explain what jaundice is, its causes, how to identify it, and how to manage it effectively.

What Is Jaundice?

Jaundice is a condition where the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow due to an excess of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced when red blood cells break down. In newborns, the liver, which processes bilirubin, is still maturing, which can lead to elevated levels of this pigment.

Common Causes of Jaundice in Newborns

  1. Physiological Jaundice
    • What It Is: This is the most common type of jaundice in newborns and is a normal response as the baby’s liver matures. It typically appears after the first 24 hours of life and resolves on its own within one to two weeks.
    • Cause: It happens because the baby’s liver is still developing and may not efficiently process bilirubin initially.

  2. Breastfeeding Jaundice
    • What It Is: This type of jaundice occurs in some breastfed babies who are not feeding adequately.
    • Cause: Insufficient milk intake can lead to dehydration and reduced bowel movements, which can slow down the excretion of bilirubin.

  3. Breast Milk Jaundice
    • What It Is: This type of jaundice occurs in breastfed babies after the first week of life and can last for several weeks.
    • Cause: : Certain substances in breast milk can interfere with bilirubin processing. This type of jaundice typically resolves as the baby grows and the breastfeeding pattern stabilizes.

  4. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
    • What It Is: A condition where the baby’s red blood cells are destroyed faster than normal, leading to increased bilirubin levels.
    • Cause: Often due to an incompatibility between the baby’s and mother’s blood types, such as Rh or ABO incompatibility.

  5. Jaundice Due to an Infection or Other Medical Conditions
    • What It Is: Occasionally, jaundice can be a sign of an underlying infection or other medical conditions affecting the liver or red blood cells.
    • Cause: Conditions like hepatitis, metabolic disorders, or sepsis can contribute to elevated bilirubin levels.


Recognizing Jaundice

Jaundice usually starts with a yellowish tint to the baby’s face and then spreads to the chest, abdomen, and legs. The yellowing is more pronounced in natural light and can sometimes be subtle in indoor lighting. Here’s how you can identify jaundice:

  • Skin Color: Gently press on your baby’s nose or forehead. If the skin appears yellow when you release the pressure, this might indicate jaundice.

  • Eye Color: Check the whites of the eyes for a yellow tint.

  • Feeding and Behavior Monitor your baby’s feeding patterns and overall behavior, as jaundice can sometimes be associated with poor feeding or lethargy.


Diagnosis and Evaluation

If you suspect jaundice, your pediatrician will likely conduct a physical examination and may order additional tests to determine the bilirubin level and the cause of the jaundice:

  • Bilirubin Test: A blood test measures the level of bilirubin in the blood. This helps assess the severity of jaundice.

  • Complete Blood Count (CBC): This test checks for anemia or other blood issues.

  • Coombs Test: This test detects antibodies that may be causing hemolysis.

  • Liver Function Tests: These tests assess how well the liver is functioning.

 

Management and Treatment

Treatment for jaundice depends on its severity and underlying cause. Here are common approaches:

  1. Phototherapy
    • What It Is: A treatment where the baby is placed under special lights that help break down bilirubin in the skin.
    • When Used: Typically used for moderate to severe jaundice. It is effective in lowering bilirubin levels quickly and is usually performed in the hospital.

  2. Supplemental Feeding
    • What It Is: Increasing the frequency of feedings can help ensure that the baby is getting enough milk and staying hydrated.
    • When Used: For breastfeeding jaundice, ensuring the baby feeds more frequently can help with bilirubin excretion.

  3. Exchange Transfusion
    • What It Is: A procedure where some of the baby’s blood is replaced with donor blood to rapidly reduce bilirubin levels.
    • When Used: This is a rare treatment used for very high bilirubin levels or severe hemolytic disease.

  4. Addressing Underlying Conditions
    • What It Is: If jaundice is due to an underlying condition such as an infection or metabolic disorder, treating that condition is crucial.
    • When Used: Appropriate management of the underlying condition is necessary to resolve jaundice.

Prevention and Monitoring

While some causes of jaundice cannot be prevented, you can take steps to support your baby’s health:

  • Regular Check-Ups: Adhering to recommended mammogram schedules based on age and risk factors can help detect cancer early.

  • Effective Breastfeeding: Maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol can contribute to breast health.

  • Monitor Your Baby’s Health: For those with a family history of breast cancer, genetic testing may provide information on personal risk and guide preventive measures.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Most cases of jaundice resolve on their own, but it’s important to monitor your baby closely. Seek medical attention if:

  • Jaundice Appears Within the First 24 Hours: This can be a sign of a more serious condition and requires prompt evaluation.

  • The Jaundice Worsens or Spreads: If you notice an increase in yellowing or the jaundice spreading, consult your pediatrician.

  • Your Baby Shows Signs of Illness: Such as poor feeding, lethargy, or unusual irritability.

Conclusion

Jaundice in newborns is a common condition that is often mild and resolves with proper care. By understanding the causes and recognizing the signs of jaundice, you can manage the condition effectively and ensure your baby’s health and well-being. Always consult your healthcare provider for guidance tailored to your baby’s specific needs and follow their recommendations for treatment and follow-up care. With the right support, most babies with jaundice go on to thrive and develop normally.